HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with injection drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop serious complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or dilated blood vessels in the esophagus and stomach. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. Early on, chronic infection typically has no symptoms. The virus persists in the liver, becoming chronic, in about 70% of those initially infected. Early symptoms can include fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin. During the initial infection period, people often have mild or no symptoms. Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver it is a type of viral hepatitis. Sterile needles, testing donated blood Īntivirals ( sofosbuvir, simeprevir, others) Hepatitis C virus usually spread by blood-to-blood contact īlood testing for antibodies or viral RNA Liver failure, liver cancer, esophageal and gastric varices This is another imperfect aspect of the program - there are a small number of callers who violate this rule, as is sometimes pointed out by other regular listeners.Electron micrograph of hepatitis C virus from cell culture (scale = 50 nanometers) The program hosts remind viewers to allow one month between calls to allow many voices to be heard. To encourage an open dialogue, we don't want the program to be dominated by a small cadre of regular callers. Typically these lines are for Republicans, Democrats and independents to ensure ideological diversity among callers, but they may be changed up for specific issues. We don't screen - except if callers violate the 30-day rule - and we have different lines for different positions on issues. ![]() We've always taken the calls as they come in so that the agenda is set by the callers, not by our producers in Washington. This is another philosophical aspect of our town hall format. Specific threats of violence will be reported to the appropriate authorities. The network does not endorse any comments made by callers or guests. Given that this involves quick judgment during a live television production, it's an imperfect process. However, if a caller makes ad hominem attacks or uses indecent language, program hosts are expected to step in to cut off the call. Fact-checking for live viewer calls on a wide variety of subjects is impractical and, being supporters of free speech, we don't want our hosts to be arbiters of callers' opinions. While the vast majority of calls are respectful participants, the live, town hall format of our call-ins can occasionally gives rise to calls that contain factual inaccuracies or distasteful language. How does C-SPAN handle calls that are inaccurate or distasteful? Viewers are now able to also share their thoughts via email Twitter, Facebook and text messages (20). The program strives to take 60 calls per three-hour program - translating to more than 400 calls per week and 20,000 calls per year. How many calls does the Washington Journal air per day? The idea behind this practice is to avoid creating "personalities" so that the focus of the program remains on the guests and the callers. Throughout its history, C-SPAN has drawn call-in hosts from its ranks they host the program in addition to other roles at the network. The role of the C-SPAN call-in host is to facilitate the dialogue between callers and our guests. ![]() Why are there different hosts on the Washington Journal? Guided by an executive producer, the Washington Journal has a staff of producers, guest bookers, hosts and production assistants who work as a team to decide what topics are covered and which guests to book for the discussion. How is the Washington Journal staffed and run? In addition to our daily call-in program, the Washington Journal, C-SPAN regularly incorporates viewer call-ins into the schedule to allow people to react to breaking news events. One of C-SPAN's founding philosophies was focusing on the viewer and, through our call-in programs, viewers are able to interact directly with elected officials, policymakers and journalists.
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